NUTRIENT RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PIGS IN DENMARK

此版概述了丹麦的猪营养推荐量，营养推荐量是以母猪、后备母猪、仔猪、生长猪、育肥猪的每公斤饲料的能量水平表示，典型的猪日粮中的能量水平以DE、ME、NE、EW和丹麦饲料单位来计算。

研究所：SEGES 猪研究中心

作者：PER TYBIRK

更新：2016年5月23日

翻译：肠动力研究院

一、概要

此版概述了丹麦母猪、后备母猪、仔猪、生长猪、育肥猪的营养推荐量。丹麦营养推荐量以丹麦饲料单位表示，在此版中，丹麦饲料单位转换成了每公斤饲料推荐量。并且，此版包括了饲料配方的案例和在不同的能量评估系统中饲料的能量水平。

营养推荐量、总矿物质和总维生素，以每公斤饲料的可消化氨基酸和可消化磷来表示。基础日粮是典型的国际通行的饲料配方，使用丹麦推荐量和能量水平（以DE、ME、NE、EW和丹麦生长猪饲料单位（FUgp）和丹麦母猪饲料单位（FUsow）计算）。

二、背景

在丹麦，营养推荐量是以丹麦饲料单位来表示：例如有生长猪饲料单位（FUgp）和略微不同的母猪饲料单位（FUsow）。两个饲料单位需校正从而使其在大麦原料中的FUgp=FUsow。低能日粮含有更多的FUsow，高能日粮含有更多的FUgp。在计算能量的公式中，差异归结于母猪利用纤维的能值更高。

不同的国家应用不同的饲料评估系统，所以，把丹麦饲料单位的营养推荐量转换成其他国家的饲料评估系统就非常困难，丹育种猪全球销售的持续增长，导致这个问题加剧。此版将是一个转换丹麦营养推荐量为其他评估系统的有效的工具。

三、方法

丹麦的猪饲料原料主要源于小麦、大麦、豆粕、少量的菜籽饼/粕和葵花粕。为了使氮对土壤的影响最小，丹麦多年来限制使用氮肥，因此小麦和大麦的蛋白含量低。因此，把丹麦饲料配方应用在谷物蛋白含量高的其他国家是不妥当的。

此版包含一些举例，例如如何把丹麦营养推荐量应用到具有典型蛋白含量的国际上市场的原料。举例中包括玉米，虽然在丹麦的猪饲料中这种谷物是很少用到的，这是因为丹麦的养猪生产者能够完全自给自足来自小麦、大麦、黑麦和黑小麦的能量。

而且，能量的计算是以6种不同的方法表示：源自NRC 2012的饲料原料能值表的DE、ME、NE，源自CVB猪饲养的表册（2008）的荷兰EW，生长猪和母猪的两个丹麦饲料单位。能量系统之间的关系（例如 MJ ME／FUgp）取决于饲料组成，特别是蛋白含量。

一个关键因素是饲料的能量水平，因为丹麦的蛋白、氨基酸、矿物质和维生素推荐量都是基于能量水平。因此，每公斤饲料的营养水平取决于每公斤饲料的能量水平，例如在某个个案中，每公斤营养推荐量仅对应于特定的每公斤饲料能量水平。每个能量水平推荐量能计算为每公斤能量水平，如MJ ME／kg。或者，在丹麦体系中，每公斤营养推荐量能够计算为（所需饲料能量／丹麦能量推荐水平）x 每公斤可消化营养的数量。

丹麦氨基酸推荐量倾向于在平均价格基础上的经济性和最优化。超过推荐量5-10%的氨基酸添加量，可能会提高生长性能和稍微提高饲料转化率，但是此种方法的成本一般会超过所获得等效益。

2014年，我们对后备母猪引入新的饲养标准。这些饲养标准远低于最快生长所需的营养水平，这是因为低营养水平为了降低后备母猪的生长速度，降低成熟期的个体大小，增加腿的力量、增加繁殖期机体脂肪含量。总的目标是延长母猪的使用年限。

四、结论和讨论

下列表格是应用丹麦营养推荐量的饲料配方的举例。表1-3是关于营养水平，随后的3个表格是饲料配方的举例，计算可消化营养水平和在不同能量评估体系中的能量水平。典型的饲料一般会有几个氨基酸的添加量要高于最低推荐量。因此，举例中包括最低推荐量和最低可消化氨基酸水平。

在典型的丹麦饲料中，所有的饲料配方举例中都含有植酸酶（1000FTU），木聚糖酶应用于仔猪、保育和生长猪阶段，但在母猪日粮中不添加。

世界上很多饲料配方师使用植酸酶和木聚糖酶的潜在营养价值，从而提高可消化氨基酸和能量的水平。在此版中，没有利用潜在营养价值去提高可消化氨基酸和以DE、ME、NE或者EW表示的能量水平。在丹麦体系中，我们包括了0.5-1.0%的源自木聚糖酶对能量的提高，因为这部分计入的能值包含了木聚糖酶对体外消化率的影响。在丹麦，植酸酶对能量和可消化氨基酸的提高是没有计入的，部分原因是因为在仔猪日粮中这部分增量是无法用丹麦的可控的方法证明，部分是因为可消化氨基酸的推荐量是基于含有植酸酶的动物饲喂实验。

以下是相关图表：

表1.仔猪日粮营养水平

表2.保育-育肥猪的营养水平
  

表3. 母猪和后备母猪的营养水平

表4. 仔猪饲料配方 用于表1
  

表5. 保育-育肥猪日粮配方-用于表2
  

表6.后备母猪和母猪的饲料配方-用于表3.
  

表7. 丹麦推荐量，微量元素、维生素，以每丹麦饲料单位表示（FU）

结论

丹麦营养推荐量—母猪、后备母猪、保育-育肥猪的每丹麦饲料单位可以转换成国际饲料配方惯常用的每公斤推荐量。在举例中，使用计算出来的每公斤能量水平，丹麦推荐量能够被重新计算成所选择的能量评估体系的每能量单位的需要量。每公斤的推荐量仅适用于举例中的能量水平。

Summary

This publication provides an outline of the Danish nutrient recommendations for sows, prebreeding gilts, piglets, growing pigs and finishers. The Danish recommendations are expressed per Danish feed unit, and in this publication they are converted to recommendations per kg of feed. In addition, the publication includes examples of feed composition and energy levels in feed in different energy evaluation systems.

Nutrient recommendations and total amount of other minerals and vitamins are presented as digestible amino acids and digestible phosphorus per kg feed. The basis is typical international feed composition using Danish recommendations, and the energy content of the feed is calculated in DE, ME, NE, EW and Danish feed units for growing pigs (FUgp) or sows (FUsow).

Background

In Denmark, nutrient recommendations are expressed per Danish feed unit [1]: there is one feed unit for growing pigs (FUgp) and a slightly different one for sows (FUsow). The two units are calibrated so that FUgp = FUsow in barley. Low-energy diets contain more FUsow than FUgp and high-energy diets contain more FUgp than FUsow. The difference is attributed to a higher energy value of fibre for sows in the equations used to calculate energy content.

In other countries, where different feed evaluation systems are applied, it may be difficult to convert the Danish recommendations per Danish feed unit to the feed evaluation systems in question – a topic of increasing interest as sales of DanAvl genetics worldwide continue to soar. This publication will be a helpful tool in converting Danish recommendations to other evaluation systems.

Method

Danish pig feed is primarily based on wheat, barley and soybean meal, and to a smaller extent rapeseed expeller/meal and sunflower meal. Danish barley and wheat have very low protein concentrations due to years of restriction on nitrogen fertilization in order to minimize nitrogen leaching. It is therefore irrelevant to apply Danish feed composition in foreign countries where grain typically contains more protein. 

This publication includes examples of how the Danish recommendations may be used in an average international scenario of available feedstuffs with typical content of protein in grain. The examples include corn even though this cereal is rarely used in Danish pig feed as Danish pig producers are fairly self-sufficient in energy from wheat, barley, rye and triticale.

Furthermore, it was decided to show energy content calculated with six different methods: DE, ME, NE from NRC 2012 table values of ingredients [2], Dutch EW from CVB Table booklet of feeding of pigs (2008) [3] and the two Danish feed units for growing pigs and sows. The relation between energy systems (e.g. MJ ME per FUgp) depends on the feed composition, in particular on protein content.

One key factor is the energy content in feed as the Danish recommendations for protein, amino acids, minerals and vitamins are expressed on the basis of energy content. Consequently, nutrient content per kg depends on energy content per kg, i.e. recommendations per kg apply only to the specific energy content per kg feed shown in the individual example. The recommendations per energy content can be calculated as content per kg divided by energy per kg in the energy unit chosen (i.e. per MJ ME). Alternatively, the recommended content per kg of a nutrient in the Danish system can be calculated as (desired energy content in feed) / (energy content in Danish example) x amount of digestible nutrient per kg in the Danish example.

Danish amino acid recommendations are intended to be economically optimum at an average price scenario in Denmark. An increase in the amino acid profile to 5-10% above the recommendation may improve growth and feed conversion slightly, but the cost of doing so will normally exceed the benefit.

In 2014, we introduced new feeding standards for prebreeding gilts. These standards are far below the levels required for maximum growth as it is attempted to use nutrition to slow down growth in order to decrease mature size, increase leg strength and increase fat levels in per cent of body at breeding. The overall goal is to increase the longevity of sows.

Results and discussion

The following tables are examples of feed composition when Danish recommendations are applied. Tables 1-3 concern nutrient content and the following three tables provide examples of feed composition used to calculate digestible content and energy content in different energy evaluation systems. Typical feed will often have a higher concentration of several amino acids compared to minimum recommendations. Consequently, the examples include both the minimum recommendation and the level achieved for digestible amino acids.

Phytase was included with 1000 FTU in all examples of feed composition - as in typical Danish feed – and xylanase is included in feed for piglets and growing-finishing pigs, but not for sow feed.

Many feed formulators around the world use matrix values for phytase and xylanase to increase the calculated content of digestible amino acids and energy. In this publication, matrix values were not applied to increase digestibility of amino acid or energy content expressed in DE, ME, NE or EW. In the Danish system, we include a 0.5-1.0% “uplift” of energy content from xylanase, because the calculated energy value includes the effect of xylanase on the in vitro digestibility. In Denmark, the “uplift” for phytase is not used on energy or digestibility of amino acids partly because this cannot be documented with the Danish methods for control of energy in pig diets and partly because recommendations for digestible amino acids are based on trial activities with feed containing phytase.

Conclusion

The Danish nutrient recommendations per Danish feed unit for sows, breeding gilts, piglets and growing-finishing pigs are converted to recommendations per kg in typical international feed composition. Using the calculated level of energy per kg in the examples, the Danish recommendations can be recalculated as requirement per unit of energy in the chosen energy evaluation system. The recommendations per kg only apply to the energy content used in the examples.  








 

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